Okutunguuka okurikugumizamu omu by’obushuubuzi bwa valve (1967-1978)
01 Entunguuka y'amakorero neekwatwaho .
Kuruga 1967 kuhika 1978, ahabw’empindahinduka mpango omu mbeera y’abantu, entunguuka y’eby’obushuubuzi bwa valve nayo ekakwatwaho munonga. Ebikuru ebirikworekwa ni:
1. Valvu ebirikurugamu nibikyendeera munonga, kandi omutindo nigukyendeera munonga
2. Valvu enkora y'okucondooza kwa sayansi etandikire kutunga obubonero ekwatsirweho
3. Ebintu bya valve ya pressure eyagati nibigaruka bihinduka eby’obwire bukye
4. Okukora valvu z’amaani n’ez’ahaiguru ezitatebeekanisiibwe kukatandika kureebeka .
02 Twara enkora z‘okutunguura “omurongooti mukye gwa valve” .
Omutindo gw’ebintu omu 2019.valvuamakorero gakyeire munonga, kandi bwanyima y’okukora ebintu by’obwire bukye eby’okukoresa valvu z’amaani n’ez’ahagati, eihanga niriha eki ekitiinisa kingi. Ekitongore ky’ebyoma ekya Heavy and General Bureau ekya minisiture y’okubanza ey’ebyoma kikataho ekibiina ky’ebyoma ekirikukora aha kuhindura eby’obuhangwa omu by’amashanyarazi. Bwanyima y’okucondooza n’okucondooza okuri omu bwijwire, ekibiina kya valve kikataho “Ripoota aha biteekateeko aha kutunguura emiringo y’okukora valve z’amaani n’ez’ahaiguru”, eyaheebwayo omu kakiiko k’entebeekanisa y’eihanga. Bwanyima y’okucondooza, kikacwamu kuta miriyooni 52 z’empiiha omu by’obushuubuzi bwa valve kukora entunguuka omu by’obuhangwa kumaraho ekizibu ky’okubura munonga kw’amaani g’ahaiguru n’agagati .za valvu n‘okukyendeera kw‘omutindo ahonaaho nk‘oku kirikubaasika.
1. Enteerane ibiri eza Kaifeng .
Omu Kwakataano 1972, Ekitongore ky’okubanza eky’ebyoma kikagira oruteerane rw’eihanga ryona .valveomu ruteerane rw’emirimo y’amakorero omu rurembo Kaifeng, omu ihanga rya Henan. Ebitongore 125 n’abajwekyerwa 198 kuruga omu makorero 88 agarikukora valve, amatendekyero 8 agarikukwata aha kucondooza kwa sayansi n’okukora ebishushani, ebitongore 13 eby’ebyoma omu mahanga n’omu munisiparite hamwe n’abamwe abarikubikozesa nibo bari omu rukiiko oru. Orukiiko rukacwamu kugaruraho ebibiina bibiri eby’eby’obushuubuzi n’omutimbagano gw’abakessi, kandi bakatoorana Kaifeng High Pressure Valve Factory na Tieling Valve Factory nk’abeebembezi ba tiimu z’amaani n’ez’ahansi nk’oku biri, kandi Hefei General Machinery Research Institute na Shenyang Valve Research Research Institute bakaba bari abakozi b’eby’obutegyeki. Orukiiko oru kandi rwagamba n’okwega aha nshonga ezikwatiraine n’okukora “ebintu bishatu eby’omurembe”, okutunguura omutindo gw’ebintu, okucondooza kw’eby’obuhangwa, okugabanisa ebintu, n’okutunguura emirimo y’amakorero n’eby’obwengye. Kuruga obwo, emirimo y’amakorero n’eby’obutegyeki eyaabaire eteganisiibwe kumara emyaka mukaaga, ekagaruka yatandika. Enkora ezi zikozire kihango omu kutunguura okukora kwa valvu n‘okugaruza enyima embeera y‘obwire bukye.
2. Garuka omu mirimo y‘entebeekanisa y‘amakorero n‘okugaaniira aha makuru
Bwanyima y’oruteerane rwa Kaifeng omu mwaka gwa 1972, ebibiina by’amakorero bikagaruka byatandika kukora. Omu bwire obwo, amakorero 72 gonka nigo gaabaire nigayejumba omu ntebeekanisa y’amakorero, kandi amakorero maingi g’eby’amashanyarazi gakaba gatakayejumbire omu ntebeekanisa y’amakorero. Okubaasa kutebeekanisa amakorero g’eby’okurya bingi nk’oku kirikubaasika, buri kicweka nikitebeekanisa emirimo y’amakorero nk’oku kirikubaasika. Ekyombeko kya Shenyang ekya Valvu z'ahaiguru n'ez'ahagati, Ekyombeko kya Beijing, Ekyombeko kya Shanghai, Ekyombeko kya Wuhan,Ekyombeko kya Tianjin, Gansu Factory y’okuteera amaizi g’amaani n’agagati, n’ekyombeko ky’okuteera amaizi g’amaani ekya Zigong, nizo zirikukora aha bicweka by’omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho, omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho bwa China, omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho bwa China, omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho bwa rwagati, omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho, n’omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho. Omubwire obu, eby’obushuubuzi bwa valve n’emirimo y’obukessi bikaba biri eby’emiringo mingi kandi biine ebirungi, kandi bikaba nibikundwa munonga amakorero omu by’obushuubuzi. Ahabw‘okutunguuka kw‘emirimo y‘amakorero, okugaaniira kw‘okumanya emirundi mingi, okuhweragana n‘okwegagana, tikirikureetaho okutunguuka kw‘omutindo gw‘ebintu byonka, kureka n‘okwongyera aha bumwe n‘omukago ahagati y‘amakorero gatari gamwe na gamwe, kugira ngu eby‘obushuubuzi bya valve bikozire ekintu kyona ekiine obumwe, omu bumwe, omu ngaro omu ngaro Going forward, showing a vib scene and .
3. Kora “ebintu bishatu eby’omurembe” eby’ebintu bya valve .
Okurugiirira aha mwoyo gw’enteerane ibiri eza Kaifeng n’ebiteekateeko bya Heavy and General Bureau eya Minisiture y’okubanza ey’ebyoma, ekitongore ky’okucondooza aha byoma kigarukire kyatebeekanisa omurimo muhango gw’okukoresa valve “eshatu z’omurembe” n’obushagiki bw’amaani kuruga omu makorero gatari gamwe na gamwe omu by’obushuubuzi. Omurimo gwa “okuhindura eby‘omurembe bishatu” n‘omurimo gw‘eby‘obuhangwa gw‘omutaano ogukuru, oguri omuringo murungi gw‘okutunguura okuhindura kw‘eby‘obuhangwa kw‘ebitongore n‘okutunguura omutindo gw‘ebintu bya valve. Ekibiina ky‘okukora ekya valve “three modernizations” nikikora kurugiirira aha misingye ya “ebirungi bina” (ebyorobi kukoresa, ebyorobi kwombeka, ebyorobi kuboneza n‘okuhikaana gye) na “okwegaita bina” (eky‘okureeberaho, ebirikukwata aha kukora, okukwatiraine n‘ebicweka by‘omutindo byona). Ekikuru ekiri omu murimo kiine enshonga ishatu, emwe n’okwanguhisa ebika ebiteeraine; ekindi n’okukora n’okugarukamu ekibiina ky’emitindo y’eby’obuheereza; ekya kashatu n’okutoorana n’okuhendera ebintu.
4. Okucondooza kw’eby’emikono kutunguukire omu kutunguuka kw’okucondooza kwa sayansi .
(1) Okutunguura ebibiina by’okucondooza ebya sayansi n’okwombeka emyanya y’okugyezesa Aha muheru gwa 1969, ekitongore ky’okucondooza eby’ebyoma ebikuru kikafuruka kuruga Beijing kyaza Hefei, kandi ekyoma ky’okubanza eky’okugyezesa okuzibira okusheesheka kikasheenywa, ekyakwata munonga aha kucondooza kwa sayansi. Omu mwaka gwa 1971, abacondoozi ba sayansi bakagaruka omu tiimu egi omwe bwanyima y’ondiijo, kandi ekitongore ky’okucondooza aha valve kikeyongyera kyahika aha bantu abarikurenga 30, kandi kikaheebwa obujunaanizibwa kuruga omu minisiture kutebeekanisa okucondooza kw’eby’obuhangwa. Laboratory eyorobi ekakorwa, ekyoma ky’okugyezesa okuzibira okusheesheka kyateebwaho, kandi ebyoma by’okugyezesa eby’omutaano, eby’okupakira n’ebindi bikakorwa kandi byakorwa, kandi okucondooza kw’eby’obuhangwa aha rubaju rw’okukinga valve n’okupakira kukatandika.
(2) Ebikuru ebyahikireho Orukiiko rwa Kaifeng orwabaireho omu 1973 rukakora enteekateeka y‘okucondooza eby‘obuhangwa ahabw‘eby‘obushuubuzi bwa valvu kuruga 1973 kuhika 1975, kandi rwareetaho purojekiti z‘okucondooza 39 ezikuru. Omuri ebyo, harimu ebintu 8 eby’okukora eby’okwotsya, ebintu 16 eby’okukinga aha mutwe, ebintu 6 eby’okupakira, ekintu 1 eky’ekikwato ky’amashanyarazi, n’ebintu 6 eby’okugyezesa n’okugyezesa okukora. Bwanyima, omu kitongore ky‘okucondooza ekya Harbin Welding, ekitongore ky‘okucondooza aha kurinda ebintu ekya Wuhan, n‘ekitongore ky‘okucondooza ekya Hefei General Machinery, abakozi b‘omutaano bakatooranwa kutebeekanisa n‘okuhabura okukyebera okwa buriijo, kandi enteerane ibiri z‘emirimo aha bicweka by‘omutaano eby‘ebikwato by‘okukyebera eby‘ahaiguru n‘eby‘ahagati zikabaho kuhindura obumanyi n‘okuha obuhwezi omu bugufu1. -Entebekanisa y’okucondooza aha bicweka by’omutaano omu mwaka gwa 1980. Kurabira omu kuteeraho kw’eby’obushuubuzi byona, hakabaho ebirungi bingi omu mirimo y’okucondooza eby’obuhangwa, ekireetaire okutunguuka kw’okucondooza kwa sayansi omu by’obushuubuzi bwa valvu. Ebikuru ebirugiremu ni ebi:
1) Tack aha rubaju orurikukingaho. Okucondooza aha itaka ry’okukingaho nikugyenderera okumaraho ekizibu ky’okusheeshasheesha kw’omunda kwa .valvu. Omu bwire obwo, ebintu by’okukinga aha mutwe bikaba biri 20Cr13 na 12Cr18Ni9, ebyabaire biine obugumire bukye, obutabaasa kujwara gye, oburemeezi bw’amaani obw’okusheeshasheesha omunda omu bintu bya valvu, n’obwire bukye bw’okukora. Ekitongore ky’okucondooza aha Valve ekya Shenyang, ekitongore ky’okucondooza aha by’okuteera eby’okurya ekya Harbin hamwe n’ekyombeko ky’okucondooza aha by’okuteera eby’okurya ekya Harbin bikakora ekibiina ky’okucondooza eky’emiringo eshatu. Bwanyima y’emyaka 2 y’okukora n’amaani, omuringo musya gw’ebintu by’okukinga aha itaka ebirikukora chrome-manganese (20Cr12Mo8) gukakorwa. Ebintu biine okukora gye omu nkora. Okuzibira okusharaho kurungi, okumara obwire buraingwa, kandi hatariho nickel na chromium nkye, eby‘obugaiga nibibaasa kurugiirira aha by‘omu ka, bwanyima y‘okushwijuma eby‘obuhangwa, n‘eky‘omugasho munonga omu kutunguura.
2) Okwijuza okucondooza. Ekigyendererwa ky’okucondooza aha kupakira n’okumaraho ekizibu ky’okusheeshasheesha kwa valve. Omu bwire obwo, okupakira kwa valvu kukaba kuri okukira munonga amajuta g’ebishaka n’aga asbestos g’emipiira, kandi okukingaho kukaba kuri kubi, ekyareeteire valvu kusheeshasheesha munonga. Omu mwaka gwa 1967, ekitongore ky’okucondooza eby’ebyoma (General Machinery Research Institute) kikatebeekanisa ekibiina ky’okucondooza aha kusheeshasheesha kw’amaizi kuruga aheeru kucondooza aha bitongore ebimwe eby’emibazi, eby’okushemeza amajuta n’eby’amashanyarazi, reero bwanyima baakora n’amaani okucondooza okurikugyezaho okurwanisa okusheeshasheesha aha bipakira n’ebihimba bya valvu.
3) Okugyezaho okukora kw‘ebintu n‘okucondooza kw‘omutaano okw‘ebiteekateeko. Obu baabaire nibakora okucondooza kw’eby’obuhangwa,Amakorero ga valvekandi n‘amaani bakakora okugyezesa okukora kw‘ebintu n‘okucondooza kw‘omutaano okw‘ebiteekateeko, kandi baatunga ebyarugamu bingi.
5. Kora empindahinduka omu bya tekinologiya omu bizinesi
Bwanyima y’oruteerane rwa Kaifeng omu mwaka gwa 1973, eby’obushuubuzi byona bikakora entunguuka omu bya tekinologiya. Ebizibu ebikuru ebyabaire biriho omu by’obushuubuzi bwa valve omu bwire obwo: Eky’okubanza, omuringo gw’okukora gukaba guri ogw’enyima, okuteera kukaba nikukorwa omu ngaro zoona, okuteera kw’ekicweka kimwe, kandi ebikwato by’ebyoma eby’omugasho gwona n’ebintu by’omugasho gwona bikaba bikoresibwa omu kukora omu bwire bw’obufuki. Nikyoreka ngu ebika n’ebintu bya buri ikorero nibigarurwamu munonga, kandi omubaro niguba mwingi omu ihanga ryona, kwonka bwanyima y’okugabanisa buri ikorero, ekicweka ky’okukora ebintu nikiba kikye munonga, ekirikuteganisa okukoresa munonga obushoboorozi bw’okukora ebintu. Omu kugarukamu ebizibu ebi aharuguru, ekitongore ky’ebyoma ekya Heavy and General Bureau ekya Minisiture y’ebyoma ey’okubanza kikataho enkora ezi: kutebeekanisa amakorero agariho ag’okukoresa valvu z’amaani g’ahaiguru n’agagati, kukora entebeekanisa y’obumwe, okugabanisa abakozi omu muringo gw’oburyo, n’okujanjaaza okukora ebintu bingi; okukozesa tekinologiya y’omurembe, okutaho emiringo y’okukora ebintu, n’okukoragana omu makorero makuru n’omu myanya etariho kintu kyona. 4 emiringo y’okukora eby’ekyoma ebitarimu kintu kyona eteirweho omu mwanya gw’okukora eby’ekyoma, kandi emiringo 10 y’okukora ebicweka by’ekyoma omu muringo gw’obufuki eteirweho omu makorero mukaaga makuru; omubaro gw’esente zirikwingana miriyooni 52 z’empiiha ziteirwe omu kuhindura eby’obuhangwa.
(1) Okuhindura tekinologiya y’okukora eby’okwotsya Omu kuhindura tekinologiya y’okukora eby’okwotsya, tekinologiya nk’okukora ekibumbe ky’amaizi g’endabirwamu, omushenyi ogurimu amaizi, ekibumbe ky’amaizi n’okuteera ekibumbe ky’amaizi (precision casting) bibaire nibimanyirwa munonga. Okuteera okuhikire nikubaasa kuhikiiriza okukora ebyoma ebitarimu chipu nari nangwa n’ebitarimu chipu. Nikirungi aha irembo, okupakira gland n‘omubiri gwa valvu n‘ekibokisi kya valvu z‘oburaingwa bukye, n‘emigasho y‘eby‘entaasya erikureebwa. Omu mwaka gwa 1969, ikorero rya Shanghai Lianggong Valve rikabanza kukoresa omuringo gw’okuteera ebishate omu muringo oguhikire omu kuhanga ebishate, ahabw’omubiri gwa PN16, DN50 ogw’omuryango,
(2) Okuhindura tekinologiya y’okukora omu bwire bw’obufuki Omu kuhindura tekinologiya y’okukora omu bwire bw’obufuki, ebikwato by’omutaano eby’ebyoma n’emiringo y’okukora ebintu nibikoresibwa omu by’obushuubuzi bwa valvu. Omu mwaka gwa 1964, Shanghai Valve No. 7 Factory ekakora kandi yakora omuringo gw’okukora valve z’omubiri gw’omuryango ogurikwetwa gate valve body crawler omuringo gw’okukora ebintu ebirikukora nk’eby’omubiri, ogu nigwo muhanda gw’okubanza ogw’okukora valve z’omubiri gw’omuhimbo mukye omu by’obushuubuzi bwa valve. Okurugirira ahari ekyo, ikorero rya Shanghai Valve No. 5 rikakora kandi ryakora omuringo gw’okukora DN50 ~ DN100 ogw’omubiri gw’ensi yoona ogw’amaani makye n’ekibokisi omu mwaka gwa 1966.
6. Kukora ebika bisya n’amaani n’okutunguura omutindo gw’ebicweka ebihikire .
Okubaasa kuhikiiriza ebyetaago by’ebikwato bihango ebihikire nk’amajuta, eby’emibazi, amashanyarazi, eby’ekyoma n’eby’amajuta, eby’amashanyarazi nibikora n’amaani ebintu bisya omu bwire nibwo bumwe obw’okuhindura tekinologiya, ekitunguukire aha rurengo rw’okuhikaana kw’ebintu bya valvu.
03 Omubugufu
Ku turikureeba enyima omu myaka ya 1967-1978, entunguuka y’eby’obutegyeki .valve amakorero gakaba nigakwatwaho munonga ira. Ahabw’okutunguuka kw’ahonaaho kw’amajuta, emibazi, amashanyarazi, eby’ekyoma n’amakorero g’amakara, valvu z’amaani n’ez’ahaiguru zihindukire “ebintu by’obwire bukye” kumara akaire kakye. Omu mwaka gwa 1972, ekibiina ky’eby’obushuubuzi bwa valve kikatandika kugaruka kukora emirimo. Bwanyima y’enteerane ibiri eza Kaifeng, n’amaani bakakora “ebintu bishatu eby’omurembe” n’emirimo y’okucondooza eby’obuhangwa, bakatandikaho omuyaga gw’okuhindura eby’obuhangwa omu by’obushuubuzi byona. Omu mwaka gwa 1975, eby’obushuubuzi bya valve bikatandika kuboneza, kandi eby’okukora omu by’obushuubuzi bikahinduka byahinduka birungi.
Omu mwaka gwa 1973, akakiiko akarikukora aha ntebeekanisa y’eihanga kakaikiriza enkora z’eby’obuhingi n’oburiisa z’okwongyera aha kureetaho eby’okurya ebirimu ebiriisa by’amaani n’eby’ahagati .za valvu. Bwanyima y’okuta sente omu bizinesi, eby’obushuubuzi bya valve bikozire empindahinduka erikubaasa kubaho. Kurabira omu kuhindura n’okutunguura tekinologiya, tekinologiya emwe ey’omurembe ekakoresibwa, n’ahabw’ekyo omutindo gw’okukora eby’okurya omu bwire bw’obufuki omu by’obushuubuzi byona gutunguukire kuhika aha rurengo rumwe, kandi n’omutindo gw’okukora eby’okurya omu muringo gw’obufuki gutunguukire kuhika aha rurengo rumwe. Bwanyima y’okutunguura omuringo gw’okufuuhirira plasma, omutindo gw’ebintu by’okukoresa omu bikwato by’okuteera ebiriisa by’amaani n’eby’ahagati gutunguukire munonga, kandi n’ekizibu kya “okusheeshasheesha kumwe okukye n’okusheeshasheesha kubiri” nakyo kitunguukire. Ahabw’okuheza n’okukora purojekiti 32 z’okupima eby’obuhingi n’oburiisa, eby’obushuubuzi bya valvu omuri China biine omusingi gw’amaani n’obushoboorozi bw’okukora ebintu bingi. Kuruga 1970, ebirikuruga omu valvu z’amaani n’ez’ahaiguru bikagumizamu nibyeyongyera. Kuruga 1972 kuhika 1975, ebirikurugamu bikeyongyera kuruga ahari 21,284t kuhika ahari 38,500t, n’okwongyezibwaho kwa net okwa 17,216t omu myaka 4, ekirikugyeragyeranisibwa n’ebirugiremu buri mwaka omu 1970. Ebirikurugamu buri mwaka bya valvu z’omuyaga mukye bibaire bigumire aha rurengo rwa 70 to000. Omu bwire obu,valvu amakorero gakakora ebintu bisya n’amaani, ti miringo y’ebikwato by’okukoresa omu bantu boona yonka eyakozirwe munonga, kureka n’ebikwato by’omutaano eby’okukoresa omu kuteeka amashanyarazi, emipiira, ultra-high pressure, obutagatsi bukye n’amakorero g’eby’amaani, eby’omu mwanya n’ebindi bikoreso by’omutaano nabyo bitunguukire munonga. Ku kiraabe ngu emyaka ya 1960 ekaba eri obwire bw’okutunguuka kwingi omu bikwato by’okukoresa omu bantu boona, obwo emyaka ya 1970 ekaba eri obwire bw’okutunguuka kw’amaani omu by’okukoresa omu muringo gw’omutaano. Obushoboorozi bw‘okuhagira eby‘omu maka .za valvu kitunguukire munonga, ekirikuhikiiriza munonga ebyetaago by’entunguuka eby’ebicweka bitari bimwe na bimwe eby’entaasya y’eihanga.
Obwire bw'okuhandiika: Okwamunaana-04-2022
